Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Essay

Thomas Kuhn The Structure of Scientific Revolutions - Essay Example irst stage, â€Å"pre-paradigm science,† details that individuals seeking to comprehend an observed phenomenon do not share universal stock of background theory. In this stage, individuals start from ground zero and endeavor to construct a science from scratch. The lack of a paradigm to organize the data makes all facts to appear as uniformly relevant (Kuhn, 1996). At this stage, individuals lack a tradition that can be passed from one individual to the other for subsequent development and investigation. At some point, some of the inquirers establish an account of the registered phenomenon that bears adequate substance and explanatory power to draw the attention of a host of community of individuals, who will then propel the inquiry along the suggested lines. A paradigm comprises four critical features, which include a body of theory inclusive of laws, background metaphysical assumptions, values and exemplars. The attainment of a paradigm converts pre-paradigm science into normal science. Normal science predominantly comprises puzzle solving whereby the main task details expanding knowledge of facts identified as significant by the paradigm. Investigators, in this case, do not advance bold, fresh theories but employ the accepted theoretical frameworks in fresh and novel sorts of cases. This phase also incorporates enhancing the similarity between the facts and the paradigm’s forecasts, as well as additional development and articulation of the paradigm (Kuhn, 1996). Scientists undertaking normal science do not necessarily work to counter or depose a paradigm, or even seek out to verify whether a paradigm is accurate. The scientists presume that the paradigm is factual, and continue based on that assumption. Working within a paradigm demands that the scientists embrace the core elements of the paradigm as a dogma. The scientist’s main task in this stage encompasses working out the particulars of the paradigm devoid of calling into question the fundamental

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Accounting - Research Paper Example Computer systems have translated all the hand-written statements into systems that can present financial reports from individual transactions. Popular accounting systems are now also available in tailor made form for various companies and industries. This permits organizations to build individual reports easily and quickly manage decision-making. Another change effected by IT on accounting has been the improvement of functionality in accounting departments via increasing accounting information timeliness (Gelinas et al 58). Through improvement of financial information timeliness, accountants are able to prepare for operation and report analysis that can give the management an accurate vision of the current operations. It has also improved the number of financial statements, for example, market share reports, departmental profit and loss, and cash flow statements. Finally, it has allowed accountants to process large financial information data and faster processing of this data (Gelinas et al 58). This has lessened the amount of time required to close each accounting period. Shortening the time helps the organizations in cost control, which, in turn, increases the overall efficiency of the company. Cloud computing and mobile devices are going to be the most important components of Information Technology in the coming decade (Office of Technology Assessment 270). Mobile devices such as ultra-books, tablets, and cell phones, as well as cloud computing, will aid in the further integration of technology into all aspects of accounting on a regular basis. This is referred to as pervasive computing (Office of Technology Assessment 270). With this pervasive computing, accountants will utilize mobile devices in order to access applications that are cloud based, data and communications. The connectivity will aid accountants to work more efficiently and exchange information more